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Endnotes
1 IRENA, OECD/IEA and REN21, Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition, Inter-
national Renewable Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel-
opment, International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21
st
Century,
2018.
2 We use the term ‘energy transition’ to refer to the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy
sources. We use the term ‘energy transformation’ to refer to the broader implications of
this shift.
3 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, New Policies Scenario, International Energy Agency,
2018. Global GDP growth in the same period is now forecast to grow at 3.4 % per year.
4 IEA, Global Energy and CO
2
Status Report, International Energy Agency, March 2018.
5 IRENA, Renewable Energy Statistics 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018.
6 IRENA, Renewable Energy Statistics 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018;
UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2018, UN Environment
Programme and Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2018.
7 IRENA, Renewable Energy Statistics 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018.
8 IRENA, Renewable Energy Statistics 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018.
9 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, International Energy Agency, 2018.
10 IEA, World Energy Investment 2018, International Energy Agency, 2018.
11 See, for example, Shell Global, Sky Scenario 2018 – Meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement,
Shell Global, 2018; IEA, Sustainable Development Scenario, International Energy Agency,
2018; Equinor (2018), Energy Perspectives 2018; IRENA, REmap – Renewable Energy
Roadmaps, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018; DNV-GL, Energy Transition
Outlook 2018, DNV-GL, 2018; and “Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the context
of sustainable development”, Chapter 2 of IPCC, Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C:
An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of
strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development,
and eorts to eradicate poverty, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018.
12 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, International Energy Agency, 2018, p. 292.
13 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2018, International Energy Agency, 2018.
14 BNEF, New Energy Outlook 2018, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2018; Marteka, M., A.
Slaughter, C. Amon, “Global renewable energy trends: solar and wind move from mainstream
to preferred”, Deloitte Insights, Deloitte, Sept. 13, 2018.
15 IRENA, Renewable power generation costs in 2017, International Renewable Energy Agency,
2017.
16 IRENA, Renewable power generation costs in 2017, International Renewable Energy Agency,
2017.
17 BNEF, New Energy Outlook 2018, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2018.
18 IRENA, The power to change: solar and wind cost reduction potential to 2025, International
Renewable Energy Agency, 2016.
19 IRENA, Electricity storage and renewables, International Renewable Energy Agency, 2017.
20 Hodges, J., “Electric cars may be cheaper than gas guzzlers in seven years”, Bloomberg,
22 March 2018, at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-22/electric-cars-may-
be-cheaper-than-gas-guzzlers-in-seven-years.
21 WHO, How Air Pollution is Destroying Our Health, World Health Organization, 2018, at:
www.who.int/air-pollution/news-and-events/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health.